夜明け前のキューバ, Cuba: at the Crossroad to the Globalization. English is at the bottom.
初めてConventional Tourとして(パッケージの海外旅行)キューバへ行ってきました。それでも宿と交通機関はすべて自分で手配し、国内移動はオプショナルツアーに参加し地方の海外旅行客専用のホテルに宿泊しました。
社会主義国キューバが生き残るために、盛んに外貨を取り入れ、現代ワイヤー文明にまもなく参入します。
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キューバの暮らしは米国との貿易に支えられてきたが、その多大な生活物資の輸入先は米国からソ連、さらに反米の近隣ニカラグア・サンディニスタ政権、パナマのノリエガ政権とシフトしていった。物質経済は壊滅状態は免れたが、米国企業を排除し米国資本の石油精製会社、製糖会社、電話会社、銀行・商業・工業の大企業を国有化していった。よって1973年までに26万人以上がキューバを去った。
しかし人民の生活レベルでは社会主義・共産主義同盟国の他国が崩壊していった1990年がある意味ターニングポイントであった。1989年ベルリンの壁崩壊、東西冷戦終了、 パナマ・ノリエガ大統領が米軍の侵攻にあい拿捕され、1990年2月ニカラグア共産党ダニエル・オルテガ選挙に敗れニカラグア共産党崩壊。ソ連崩壊後ゴルバチョフ大統領もキューバ訪問をして原油のキューバ向け輸出削減1989年以前の40%輸出からから1992年7%に削減。数少ない輸入先の経済が壊滅状態でキューバ国内の物質が欠乏し、電力源の頼みの綱であったソ連からの原発輸入もチュルノブイリ事故で原発建設計画が頓挫し、油がなくなって建設・工事・製造の電力も乏しくなった。そこへ新しく輸入先を南米に求めたが、ベネズエラとも雲行きが怪しくなり、さらにスペインとの外交政策を模索していたところ、国内の急進的な革命に反対していた知識階級をカステロ政権が首謀者4名を死刑宣告したために、反人道政権にスペインは支援できないと、国内の生活物質はますます貧窮。よって自給経済を推進し、一方、カストロ政権のこうしたやり方に反対する知識人たち2万以上の人々がマイアミに亡命していった。
貧窮は極めたキューバ人民の暮らしは、2度の経済措置緩和政策がとられ、2001年米国からの食糧輸入徐々に再開され、なんとか持ち直す。さらに2009年オバマ米大統領がCDAトリチェリ法の緩和(国内から一般市民への送金制限とキューバ市民の面会のための入国規制の撤廃)を決定。実質フェデロカストロは引退したため、弟が大統領職を継続する。昨年2014年12月後半に米国オバマ大統領がキューバとの国交を回復すると宣言した。この大統領宣言遡ること1ヶ月前に我が娘、キューバへ行きたいと言い始めた。「この目で資本主義とはどういったものか、それ以外の経済状況の国からながめてみたい」と申す。
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驚いたのは、米国ではよく悪天候によって電柱が倒れ停電なるが、少なくとも私たちが宿泊したハバナ居住区の住居やビーチの外国人専用ホテルや、エコツアーに利用した国立環境保護地区内の国立ホテルでは電気は常時流れていた。ないのはワイヤー、電信である。
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電信インターネットが再開する のをまつ銀行の客達 |
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またハバナや地方都市の地元の人が行く食堂やカフェを覗いてみると白いコッペパンにハンバーガーが主であった。ちょっと洒落て首都ハバナのモールにはフライドチキンが売っていたが、その種類は2種類看板には6種類ぐらいから選択できたはずなのに、実際にカウンターに行くと大と中の2種類から選べるだけだったり、スーパーに電気が煌々とともっている割には食料の品数がなく一列7mすべて一種類のクッキー箱が陳列されていた。
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3食豊富な食糧を提供する外国人旅行客用ホテル |
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キューバュ人にも外国人旅行客にも人気のビーチ、バラデロに数泊し、そこを拠点にエコツアーやミュージックツアー、葉巻工場に植民地支配下時代の旧トリニダト市街、さらにいきなりカメラ持ち物はバスに置いていってくださいと前置きがあってチェ・ゲバラのお墓をお参りするハプニングがついた一泊二日のオプションに参加した。一人130ペソで1日目の昼、夕食、2日目の国立環境保護地区内の国営ホテルの朝食はとても美味ですべて食べ放題であった。すべての食事はオブションツアーの料金に含まれ、最低5回は止まったであろう土産屋やトイレ休憩での無料のウェルカムドリンク(最初のうちはどれにもラム酒が入っているのに気がつかず、コーラ、レモネード、ミントウオーターをごくごく飲んでいたら、後でアルコール飲料だと気づいた。どうりで頭がクラクラしてきた)の歓待をうける。
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ホテル内のクリニック |
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私たち母娘が旅行していた週に中国の高官がキューバを表敬訪問をしていた、きっとキューバ市場に自国の商品を売り込みに来たのだろう。キューバに必要なのは、通信施設の安定、そして乗用車・作業トラックの輸入や、60年代のままになって潮風で傷んでいるコンクリート建築の改築が急務であることが見て取れる。その建築材料の輸入が優先課題と思われる。ハバナ市街の目抜き通りにある国会議事堂が急ピッチで改築されているのを見るにつけ、そう思われる。
ハバナ市内の目抜通りの建物がいかに60年代のまま傷んでいようと、レストランやホテルの食事が保存食であるため、塩辛かろうが、十分に綺麗な国で旅を堪能できたと自負する。そこはまだ外国人旅行客に最近開かれた国である。バックパック旅行や貧乏旅行の受け入れ皿はない。ある程度現金を落としていくことが不可欠な旅行であった。そういえ意味でConventional Tourでしか旅を許されない国でもあった。
それがこの国を支えていることが実感した。
最後にエコツアーでロシア製ジープにのって、コーヒープランテーションを案内し、滝下を先導してくれたガイド曰く、「キューバの最大の収入源は第一に海外からの送金です。これに国家はかなりのワイヤー送金税をかけます。そして第2が観光です。外国人観光客の慈悲で私たちの生活は成り立っています」とさらに具体的な数字として、キューバは識字教育が徹底しているその識字率は米国をしのぐと言われているが、そうした教師たちの平均月収は400−500ペソ(400−500米ドル)です。そのため教師たちの離職率が増加し、彼らは実入りのいい観光に転職しています。ツアーガイドのレンさんに10ペソ、エコツアーの案内人に10ペソのチップを私オプショナルツアーを後にした。
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最後の晩はまたキューバのソーシャルクラブバンドを聴きにクラブへでかけた。スペイン植民地支配、奴隷繁盛時代から積み上げられた文化の濃厚さに驚かされた。国立キューバんアート美術館で音楽クラブでキューバの懐の深さに触れた。
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Cuba: at the Crossroad to the Globalization.
Cuba
was my first conventional tourist destination with my daughter. Prior to visiting
Cuba, I have been traveling around over 20 different countries. When we travel to a foreign country, we
always try to figure out how to stay in budget Room and Board, communicate with
non-English speakers, interact local people, and accepting challenges all different
food/music, and learn a few words in their native languages.
Unfortunately,
Cuba was not ready to have foreign tourists to travel alone, a trying keep low
budget. They have built four- stars exclusive hotels to accommodate tourists in
Havana, beaches, and old colonial cities.
There is no way for Cuba avoids exploring themselves in today’s World
Economy. Farewell to the economic system
of socialism; Cuba is about to enter dawn of the Capitalism. Everything is wired or virtually; banking
system, social networks, and business.
The world today is fully wires. That’s what Cuba needed most to join the
world community with globalized economy.
In
1959: Cuba revolution, 1961 Cuban Democracy Act passed US Senate. Practically US government shut down people’s
traveling, prohibiting any trading with Cuba, and sending money to Cuba from
US. In October 1962, the Cuba Missile
Crisis, was close call for bring the world to the blink of nuclear war fare.
Since then Cuban and US diplomatic and business relationship have been shut
down completely.
Before
the Cuba revolution, Cuban people’s living condition had been totally dependent
on imported food/goods from US and exported sugar to the US. After this
economic embargo, the biggest Cuba’s trading partner shifted to Soviet from
US. Soviet supplied Oil and imported sugar
from Cuba. Cuban revolution nationalized
all American sugar factory, telephone provider, banks, manufacturer, industry,
and private beaches. This rapid switch
to socialism cause many Cuban leave their country. Dissidents, unemployed workers, homosexual were
tortured and executed. Because these
difficult situation, 2 million upper-middle
class1Cuban
left the country between1959 and 1993. US agreed to receive political exile in
1965.
People
who stayed in Cuba had another life-threatening event, which happened between1989
and 1990. The Soviet Union collapsed. America invaded Panama in December 1989. General Noriega, who had provided one of
Cuba’s lifelines to the capitalist world, and was forced to hand himself
over to the US authorities. Worse was to
come. In February 1990, Nicaragua, another close Cuban ally country, lost their
socialist president in their national election. The final and definitive blow
for Cuba came on September 1991. Gorbachev giving into pressure from the United
States, announced that the 7,000 Soviet troops stationed in Cuba would be withdrawn…
The crisis of the Cuban people had begun in 1990 when the oil supplies from the
Soviet Union failed to arrive… In 1989
some 13 million tones of fuel had been imported at very favorable rates. A year later, the figure had dropped to only
9.9 million tones. (Gotta; pg286-287)
The public food distribution collapsed and
inflation rate skyrocketed, transportation was cutback, and electricity was
restricted. Food and fuel were both in
desperately short supply, and although outright starvation was kept at bay,
Malnutrition-unknown in Cuba for
generations-became widespread. (According to Gotta: pg 288 Food imports
were halved between 1989 and 1993. In the same period the imports of fuel
declined by 72% and overall imports by 76%) Cuba refused to take US food
donation. In 1994, as a result Cuba
opened the country to international tourism, entering into several joint
venture hotels and tourist, agricultural, industrial projects, on top of
legalized the use of US dollars. There were two
separate economies, US dollar-base economy and the peso-economy. Later in 2004,
the Cuban government announced an end to this policy:
from
November U.S. dollars would no longer be legal tender in Cuba, but would
instead be exchanged for convertible pesos (since April 2005
at the exchange rate of $1.08) with a 10% tax payable to the state on the exchange
of U.S. dollars cash. This way they had
international currency in US dollars.
The Cuba government started to charge large tax to wire money into
Cuba. This double economic system is
maintained even now.
In December 2014,
US President Barak Obama made executive order to lift the embargo against
Cuba. A few weeks before, my daughter had
expressed her wishes to go to Cuba to observe their economy and see the
differences between Capitalistic society and Socialistic society.
To interject my
personal experience, in 1990 on New Years Days, I had an opportunity to be
sitting at the National Communist Convention in Managua, facing President
Daniel Ortega, who a month later lost his re-election. This was at the same
time Panama’s president, Manuel Noriega, was abducted by US. My life experience happened to be close to
these major events among those countries. Those countries collapsed their socialism. Twenty-five years later, our very own
daughter asked us if she could go to Cuba.
I thought that would be interesting comparison and addition to my
observation.
Six months has passed since Obama lifted
Cuban embargo. We as Japanese /US tourist did not see any problem to visit Cuba
except the flight to Havana was sold out several months advance. So we flew
from Florida to Havana via Cayman Island.
Because
there is strong resistance toward current Cuban government among Cubans living
in Miami, Miami refused to have the Cuban Consulate. Meanwhile, Tampa city, Florida invited to
have the Cuban Consulate and plan to have a daily ferry route between
Tampa and Havana. Fortunately we met a young Jamaican
business man who comes to Havana four times a year to sell Agricultural
chemistry to the Cuban government. I was
curious about his opinion regarding Cuban sustainability, about which I had
read in the Japanese media and in writings from an American botanist. His
answer was that Cuba has still long way to produce enough food to fulfill the
standard of modern agriculture.
My
short observation: As of June 2015, Cuba
has more materials than Nicaragua had in January 1990 after ten years of the
Sandinista administration. Havana city in 2015 had many 1950’s convertible
Chevrolets spreading tons of exhaust.
Seatless Taxis with passengers squatting on the floor ran between those
Chevrolets. Of course, lots of
bicycle-driven rickshaws were crisscrossing through the vehicular traffic. One
big difference in the Havana of 2015 is the presence of huge Chinese AC tourist
buses occupying many sight seeing spots. Meanwhile in the countryside these
large Chinese tourist buses are the only form of transportation found on the
roads alongside the donkey carriages.
To
be honest I was a little surprised that we did not experience any power
shortage. Yes, communication or wire
service is a big problem in hotels, restaurants, banks, telephone, and WIFI
service. Wherever you see a crowd of
people waiting in a line or wandering around, that people must be waiting for
banks to reopen.
Food: We stayed at a private
apartment which we have found via Air B & B Internet site service. We bought food at the super market or mall
and cooked ourselves. In downtown
Havana, super market selling cans of
vegetable、frozen meat/ fish, and dry products. I could not find a single store selling fresh
vegetable and fruits. Meanwhile the
restaurants and hotels have variety of food and fresh vegetable/ fruits. I wonder where they get their ingredients;
there must be special route to get food. For instance, a few stores, markets,
and groceries where we stopped there were beautifully decorated isles of same
cookie cans on the entire shelf. We also
stopped by the local café a few times.
They only served hamburger with very salty meat on hamburger buns. There
was virtually no variety on the menu. It was a quite contrast to see how rich
and varied foreign tourist restaurant menus were. Our landlord was a retired
university professor. He showed us how
rarely he could get a chicken and a bottle of water from the store. As foreign
tourists, such things were much more available to us. He told us we should
conserve the electric power due to the price of electricity was enormously
expensive for residents. Later I heard the average monthly salary of teachers
was 300~400 peso, so lots of teachers leave there job and become tourist guides
which gives easy access to have cash flow.
Preserving and
transporting food uses lots of oil and energy.
We, as coming from US, are used to having refrigerated trucks carrying
fresh produce or frozen meat. But in Cuba it is very expensive to have fresh
meat or bring fresh food to the store /residence. If you have limited sources of oil or
electricity, the food preservation is a big issue. Most of meat we ate was
preserved with a very high degree of salt.
Varadero Beach
was very popular among Cuban and foreign tourists. It located one hour drive
from Havana. Castro had taken this beach
away from the American private owner and nationalized it. All the beach facilities were accessible to
anyone without fee. Sailing boats, sea kayaks, paddle boats, beach parasols,
beach chairs, and even beach bars were included in the hotel fee. Recently,
four-star and five-star hotels have been quickly built along the beach
road. 100 peso to 250 peso per nights
and per room was charged included three meals and all the drinks and snacks and
above mentioned facility. National
tourist bureau offers dozens of exclusive tours. These beach hotels have delicious buffet food
all the time in their main cafeteria, or beach snack bar. During optional tours, whenever we stopped
for the washing room, snacking, or sightseeing, and adventure, we were welcomed
with complementary rum drinks and free delicious local food.
While we were
traveling in Cuba, high rankings Chinese government officials also visited
Havana. They must have been trying to
make trade and manufacturing agreements with the Cuban government. Current needs that I see in Cuba are: a
secured telecom /wire system, automobiles/trucks for transport and
infrastructure of buildings, roads, and residences in addition to the current
tourist facilities.
Well no matter
how salty the meat is, and no matter the lack of emission controls for the
cars, we certainly enjoyed the rich Cuban culture and beautiful landscape. Cuba surely has much to offer to visitors.
Regarding the
renown Cuban medical system of education and practice: Cuba
Today has not
been able to keep up with contemporary trends in medicine due to economic
constraints. We shall see what Cuba decides to do with their historic
commitment to medicine as they assess their overall economic challenges.
As I have
mentioned above, the political leadership of Cuba has decided to first open the
country for tourists who can afford those fancy hotels and restaurants. It will
take time to open the country for more backpackers or budget travellers. This could be one factor, which would
cultivate a more consumer-culture like we see in the US.
However, my
biologist friend told me that she learned from a recent environmental
conference, Cuba has most non-contaminated water in the world. I wish they would keep these beautiful waters
and land, even while welcoming massive number of visitors to the country and
develop the cities.
One thing I was
puzzled about was that all tourists guide we met, talked only about Che Guevara
not Fidelo Castro, actual implementer of socialism, and all the monuments are
Che’s statues, who started their revolution from foregin country, not Fidelo. Che was their hero, but not Fidelo. People extended their affection to the heroic
figure of Che, but not as much toward Fidelo Castro. I am not entitled to
evaluate whether the socialistic economy succeeded or not from my own traveling
experience. However, I noticed there was
an envious and sour feeling among people.
Who face the tourist from the wealth capitalistic country.
Bibliography:
Gott, Richard:
Cuba A new history; Yale University Press 2004, New Haven,
http://www.mofa.go.jp/mofaj/press/pr/wakaru/topics/vol45/
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